Facial Action Coding System
Facial Action Coding System Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a system to taxonomize human facial movements by their appearance on the face, based on a system originally developed by a Swedish anatomist named Carl-Herman Hjortsjö.[1] It was later adopted by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, and published in 1978.[2] Ekman, Friesen, and Joseph C. Hager published a significant update to FACS in 2002.[3] Movements of individual facial muscles are encoded by FACS from slight different instant changes Muscles of head and neck. [] in facial appearance. It is a common standard to systematically categorize the physical expression of emotions, and it has proven useful to psychologists and to animators. Due to subjectivity and time consumption issues, FACS has been established as a computed automated system that detects faces in videos, extracts the geometrical features of the faces, and then produces temporal profiles of each facial movement.[]
Uses Using FACS,[4] human coders can manually code nearly any anatomically possible facial expression, deconstructing it into the specific Action Units (AU) and their temporal segments that produced the expression. As AUs are independent of any interpretation, they can be used for any higher order decision making process including recognition of basic emotions, or pre-programmed commands for an ambient intelligent environment. The FACS Manual is over 500 pages in length and provides the AUs, as well as Ekman’s interpretation of their meaning. FACS defines AUs, which are a contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. It also defines a number of Action Descriptors, which differ from AUs in that the authors of FACS have not specified the muscular basis for the action and have not distinguished specific behaviors as precisely as they have for the AUs. For example, FACS can be used to distinguish two types of smiles as follows:[] • Insincere and voluntary Pan-Am smile: contraction of zygomatic major alone • Sincere and involuntary Duchenne smile: contraction of zygomatic major and inferior part of orbicularis oculi. Although the labeling of expressions currently requires trained experts, researchers have had some success in using computers to automatically identify FACS codes, and thus quickly identify emotions.[5] Computer graphical face models, such as CANDIDE [6] or Artnatomy [7], allow expressions to be artificially posed by setting the desired action units. The use of FACS has been proposed for use in the analysis of depression,[] and the measurement of pain in patients unable to express themselves verbally.[] FACS is designed to be self-instructional. People can learn the technique from a number of sources including manuals and workshops,[8] and obtain certification through testing.[9] A variant of FACS has been developed to analyze facial expressions in chimpanzees.[] FACS can also be modified such that it can be used to compare facial repertoires across similar species, such as humans and chimpanzees. A study conducted by Vick and others (2006) suggests that FACS can be modified by taking differences in underlying morphology into account. Such considerations enable a comparison of the FACS
1
Facial Action Coding System
2
present in humans and chimpanzees, to show that the facial expressions of both species result from extremely notable appearance changes. A cross-species analysis of facial expressions can help to answer the question of which emotions are uniquely human.[10] EMFACS (Emotional Facial Action Coding System)[11] and FACSAID (Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary)[12] consider only emotion-related facial actions. Examples of these are: Emotion
Action Units
Happiness 6+12 Sadness
1+4+15
Surprise
1+2+5B+26
Fear
1+2+4+5+20+26
Anger
4+5+7+23
Disgust
9+15+16
Contempt R12A+R14A
Codes for Action Units For clarification, FACS is an index of facial expressions, but does not actually provide any bio-mechanical information about the degree of muscle activation. Though muscle activation is not part of FACS, the main muscles involved in the facial expression have been added here for the benefit of the reader. Action Units (AUs) are the fundamental actions of individual muscles or groups of muscles. Action Descriptors (ADs) are unitary movements that may involve the actions of several muscle groups (e.g., a forward‐thrusting movement of the jaw). The muscular basis for these actions hasn’t been specified and specific behaviors haven’t been distinguished as precisely as for the AUs. For most accurate annotation, FACS suggests agreement from at least two independent certified FACS encoders.
Intensity Scoring Intensities of FACS are annotated by appending letters A–E (for minimal-maximial intensity) to the Action Unit number (e.g. AU 1A is the weakest trace of AU 1 and AU 1E is the maximum intensity possible for the individual person). • • • • •
A Trace B Slight C Marked or Pronounced D Severe or Extreme E Maximum
List of Action Units and Action Descriptors (with underlying facial muscles) Main Codes
Facial Action Coding System
AU Number
3
FACS Name
Muscular Basis
0
face
1
Inner Brow Raiser
frontalis (pars medialis)
2
Outer Brow Raiser
frontalis (pars lateralis)
4
Brow Lowerer
depressor glabellae, depressor supercilii, corrugator supercilii
5
Upper Lid Raiser
levator palpebrae superioris, superior tarsal muscle
6
Cheek Raiser
orbicularis oculi (pars orbitalis)
7
Lid Tightener
orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis)
8
Lips Toward Each Other orbicularis oris
9
Nose Wrinkler
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
10
Upper Lip Raiser
levator labii superioris, caput infraorbitalis
11
Nasolabial Deepener
zygomaticus minor
12
Lip Corner Puller
zygomaticus major
13
Sharp Lip Puller
levator anguli oris (also known as caninus)
14
Dimpler
buccinator
15
Lip Corner Depressor
depressor anguli oris (also known as triangularis)
16
Lower Lip Depressor
depressor labii inferioris
17
Chin Raiser
mentalis
18
Lip Pucker
incisivii labii superioris and incisivii labii inferioris
19
Tongue Show
20
Lip Stretcher
risorius w/ platysma
21
Neck Tightener
platysma
22
Lip Funneler
orbicularis oris
23
Lip Tightener
orbicularis oris
24
Lip Pressor
orbicularis oris
25
Lips Part
depressor labii inferioris, or relaxation of mentalis or orbicularis oris
26
Jaw Drop
masseter; relaxed temporalis and internal pterygoid
27
Mouth Stretch
pterygoids, digastric
28
Lip Suck
orbicularis oris
29
Jaw Thrust
30
Jaw Sideways
31
Jaw Clencher
32
[Lip] Bite
33
[Cheek] Blow
34
[Cheek] Puff
35
[Cheek] Suck
36
[Tongue] Bulge
37
Lip Wipe
38
Nostril Dilator
masseter
nasalis (pars alaris)
Facial Action Coding System
4
39
Nostril Compressor
nasalis (pars transversa) and depressor septi nasi
41
Glabella Lowerer
Separate Strand of AU 4: depressor glabellae (aka procerus)
42
Inner Eyebrow Lowerer
Separate Strand of AU 4: depressor supercilii
43
Eyes Closed
Relaxation of levator palpebrae superioris
44
Eyebrow Gatherer
Separate Strand of AU 4: corrugator supercilli
45
Blink
Relaxation of levator palpebrae superioris; contraction of orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis)
46
Wink
orbicularis oculi
Head Movement Codes AU Number
FACS Name
Action
51
Head Turn Left
52
Head Turn Right
53
Head Up
54
Head Down
55
Head Tilt Left
M55
Head Tilt Left
56
Head Tilt Right
M56
Head Tilt Right
57
Head Forward
M57
Head Thrust Forward
58
Head Back
M59
Head Shake Up and Down
The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by an up-down head shake (nod).
M60
Head Shake Side to Side
The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by a side to side head shake.
M83
Head Upward and to the Side
The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a movement of the head, upward and turned and/or tilted to either the left or right.
The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a head tilt to the left.
The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a head tilt to the right.
The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by a head thrust forward.
Eye Movement Codes AU Number
FACS Name
61
Eyes Turn Left
M61
Eyes Left
62
Eyes Turn Right
M62
Eyes Right
63
Eyes Up
64
Eyes Down
65
Walleye
66
Cross-eye
Action
The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by eye movement to the left.
The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by eye movement to the right.
Facial Action Coding System
5
M68
Upward Rolling of Eyes The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by an upward rolling of the eyes.
69
Eyes Positioned to Look The 4, 5, or 7, alone or in combination, occurs while the eye position is fixed on the other person in the at Other Person conversation.
M69
Head and/or Eyes Look at Other Person
The onset of the symmetrical 14 or AUs 4, 5, and 7, alone or in combination, is immediately preceded or accompanied by a movement of the eyes or of the head and eyes to look at the other person in the conversation.
Visibility Codes AU Number
FACS Name
70
Brows and forehead not visible
71
Eyes not visible
72
Lower face not visible
73
Entire face not visible
74
Unscorable
Gross Behavior Codes These codes are reserved for recording information about gross behaviors that may be relevant to the facial actions that are scored. AU Number
FACS Name
40
Sniff
50
Speech
80
Swallow
81
Chewing
82
Shoulder shrug
84
Head shake back and forth
85
Head nod up and down
91
Flash
92
Partial flash
97*
Shiver/Tremble
98*
Fast up-down look
Facial Action Coding System
References [2] P. Ekman and W. Friesen. Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, 1978. [3] Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, and Joseph C. Hager. Facial Action Coding System: The Manual on CD ROM. A Human Face, Salt Lake City, 2002. [4] Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2012). Microexpression and macroexpression. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Vol. 2, pp.173-183). Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 978-008-088-575-9x [5] Facial Action Coding System. (http:/ / www. cs. wpi. edu/ ~matt/ courses/ cs563/ talks/ face_anim/ ekman. html) Retrieved July 21, 2007. [6] http:/ / www. bk. isy. liu. se/ candide/ [7] http:/ / www. artnatomia. net/ uk/ index. html [8] http:/ / www. erikarosenberg. com/ FACS. html Example and web site of one teaching professional: Erika L. Rosenberg, Ph.D [9] http:/ / www. face-and-emotion. com/ dataface/ facs/ fft. jsp [11] Friesen, W.; Ekman, P. (1983). EMFACS-7: Emotional Facial Action Coding System. Unpublished manual, University of California, California. [12] http:/ / www. face-and-emotion. com/ dataface/ facsaid/ description. jsp Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary (FACSAID)
External links • Paul Ekman’s articles relating to FACS (http://www.paulekman.com/research) • FACS Overview (http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facs/description.jsp) (accessed 21/02/2011) • Sample of FACS Manual (http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facs/manual/TitlePage.html) (accessed 21/02/2011) • More information on the CHIMPFACS project (http://www.chimpfacs.com/) • New Yorker article discussing FACS (http://www.gladwell.com/2002/2002_08_05_a_face.htm) • Details from 1978 edition of FACS (http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/face/www/facs.htm) • Site at WPI (http://www.cs.wpi.edu/~matt/courses/cs563/talks/face_anim/ekman.html)
6
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors Facial Action Coding System Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559578767 Contributors: 9eyedeel, Anajana, Aprch, Arcadian, Arnoutf, Axeman89, Bacchiad, Belovedfreak, Blahedo, Body Language Expert, COMPFUNK2, Connor Behan, Cowbert, Davechatting, David Nicoson, Droffilc, Elise t, ErkDemon, Fhaigia, FrenchIsAwesome, Gareth Jones, Gciriani, Hooperbloob, J04n, Jerika05, Jidanni, Josephhager, Kelly Martin, Laudak, MagneticFlux, MartinPoulter, Mattisse, Michael Hardy, Michael Snow, Mitch61, MrOllie, Njbetz, Norm mit, NotWith, Ntennis, Outriggr, Pegasovagante, Ph.eyes, Philippe Nicolai-Dashwood, Rbchristiansen, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Saga246, SamanHafizi, Samwb123, Shenshan, Sjvick, Twinsday, Vectro, Waldir, Xcentaur, 93 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Illu head neck muscle.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Illu_head_neck_muscle.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Arcadian, Mani1, Mardetanha, McGeddon, Olaf Studt, Santosga, SummerWithMorons, Was a bee
License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
7

Published 25.06.2019

695 books — 60 voters

715 books — 21 voters